Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression and localization of Snail1 protein in SNAI1 -overexpressed renal tubular cells. (A) Snail1 protein expression was evaluated in vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells by immunoblotting. (B) The Snail1 band intensity was quantified and normalized by that of GAPDH (loading control). (C) Expression and localization of Snail1 protein were also examined by immunofluorescence assay. (D) The Snail1 fluorescence intensity was evaluated in at least 100 cells across 10 random fields per sample. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Derivative Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of differentially expressed proteins in SNAI1 -overexpressed renal tubular cells. (A, B) The significantly decreased and increased proteins in SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells were validated by immunoblotting compared with vector-control HK-2 cells. (C – E) Their band intensities were quantified and normalized by that of β-actin (loading control). Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Western Blot, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Derivative Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression up-regulated nucleophosmin expression in renal tubular cells. (A) Expression and localization of nucleophosmin in vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells were examined by immunofluorescence assay. (B) The nucleophosmin fluorescence intensity was evaluated in at least 100 cells across 10 random fields per sample. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Derivative Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression increased nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in renal tubular cells. ( A ) The NORs in vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells were evaluated by AgNOR staining. The inset indicates the zoom-in image of the highlighted area. (B, C) The NORs were quantified in individual nuclei from at least 15 random fields per sample based on (B) their total area per nucleus and (C) their number per nucleus. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Staining, Derivative Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression induced cell enlargement and increased granularity of renal tubular cells. (A) The vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells were imaged under a phase contrast microscope. (B) Cell areas were measured from at least 100 cells in 10 random fields per sample. (C) The cells were also analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative scatter plots show forward scatter (FSC; indicating cell size) on the x -axis and side scatter (SSC; indicating cell granularity) on the y -axis. (D) The overlaid histogram plot displays a shift in cell granularity (SSC) of SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells compared with vector-control cells. (E, F) Cell size (E) and cell granularity (F) were quantified and averaged from at least 10,000 cells per sample. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Microscopy, Flow Cytometry, Derivative Assay

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression increased senescence markers in renal tubular cells. (A) Levels of senescence markers, including p21 and γH2AX, in vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells were evaluated by immunoblotting. (B, C) Their band intensities were quantified and normalized by that of β-actin (loading control). Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments. (D) Expression of γH2AX was also evaluated by immunofluorescence assay. (E) Magnified images revealed the formation of γH2AX-foci within the nuclei as depicted by vivid green spots. The red line indicates the direction for fluorescence intensity spectral profiling. (F) The fluorescence intensity spectral profiles of γH2AX expression (illustrated by the green line) and nuclei (illustrated by the blue line).

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression increased the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) from renal tubular cells. (A) MMP-9 in culture supernatants derived from vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells was evaluated by gelatin zymography. (B) MMP-9 band intensity was quantified. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Derivative Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Zymography

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Deciphering the impact of SNAI1 gene on renal tubular cell proteome, nucleolar stress, ribosome biogenesis, senescence, DNA damage response, and focal adhesion dynamics

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101926

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNAI1 overexpression induced focal adhesion organization in renal tubular cells. (A) Paxillin expression was evaluated in vector-control and SNAI1 -overexpressed HK-2 cells by immunoblotting. (B) The paxillin band intensity was quantified and normalized by that of β-actin (loading control). (C) Expression and localization of paxillin were also examined by immunofluorescence assay. (D) The paxillin fluorescence intensity was evaluated in at least 100 cells across 10 random fields per sample. Each bar shows the mean ± standard error of the mean derived from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Following 48 h, the supernatant containing released viral particles was collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm syringe filter before being introduced to HK-2 cells (ATCC) (the target cells set at 40% confluence).

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Derivative Assay